Dioula language

Dyula (or Ivorian, Jula, Dioula, Julakan ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲) is a language of the Mande language family spoken mainly in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali, as well as other countries, including Ghana, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau. It is one of the Manding languages and is most closely related to Bambara, being mutually intelligible with Bambara as well as Malinke. It is a trade language in West Africa and is spoken by millions of people, either as a first or second language. Similar to the other Mande languages, it uses tones. It may be written in the Latin, Arabic or N'Ko scripts.

Dyula
Jula, Dioula
Julakan ߖߎ߬ߟߊ߬ߞߊ߲
Native to	Burkina Faso, Mali, Côte d'Ivoire
Ethnicity	Dyula
Native speakers	L1: 2.6 million (2012–2021) L2: 10 million (2012–2013)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Mande Western Manding East Bambara–Dyula Dyula
Writing system	N'Ko, Latin, Ajami
Official status
Official language in	Ivory Coast
Language codes
ISO 639-2	dyu
ISO 639-3	dyu
Glottolog	dyul1238

A Dyula speaker speaking Mooré and Dyula, recorded in Taiwan

History

Historically, Dyula ("jula" in the language) was not an ethonym, but rather a Manding label literally meaning 'trader'. The term used to distinguish Muslim traders from the non-Muslim population living in the same area, mainly Senufo agricultors. It then became an exonym for Manding-speaking traders such as the Bambara or the Mandinka and their languages. At the same time, however, a process of ethnogenesis across the centuries led to some communities in modern towns like Bobo-Dioulasso, Odienné and Kong adopting the label as one of their ethnic identity. These communities speak varieties of Dyula with common traits that distinguish it from the lingua franca form of Jula that one hears in markets across much of Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire.

Later, the term was also used for a simplified version of Bambara, which comes from Mali, mixed with elements of Maninka. It became a widely used lingua franca.^{[better source needed]} Native speakers of Manding^{[clarification needed]} in the Ivory Coast use the pejorative term 'Tagbusikan'^{[what language is this?]} to refer to this simplified language, while they^[who?] called their own language 'Konyakakan', 'Odiennekakan' or 'Maukakan'. The influx of millions of migrant workers from the Sahel further boostered the use of Dyula in the Ivory Coast due to the need of a lingua franca. Many Burkinabe learned Dyula while staying in the Ivory Coast and further disseminated it back home. Today, Dyula is used to at least some extent by 61% of the population of the Ivory Coast and by about 35% of the Burkinabe (mainly those living in the southern or western part of the country).

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	c	k
	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			h
	voiced	v	z
Rhotic			r
Approximant			l	j	w

Vowels

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

The seven vowel sounds may also be either lengthened /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ or nasalized /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/.

Writing systems

N'Ko alphabet

The N'Ko script is an indigenous writing system for the Manding language continuum, invented in 1949 by Solomana Kanté, a Guinean educator. Today, the script has been digitised as part of Unicode, which allows it to be used easily online, but the lack of funding and the official status of French means that use of this alphabet largely happens outside of formal education and is not systematically used on street signs, etc.

Latin alphabet and orthography

Dioula orthography is regulated in Burkina Faso by the Dioula Sub-Commission of the National Commission for Languages. On 15 July 1971, the National Sub-Commission for Dioula was created and on 16 July 1971, it began a study in order to set the Dioula alphabet. An alphabet was published on 27 July 1973 and gained official status on 2 February 1979. Some letters were added later, ⟨c, j⟩ for borrowed words, and others were replaced: ⟨sh⟩ by ⟨s⟩, and ⟨ny⟩ by ⟨ɲ⟩.

Dioula Alphabet
A	B	C	D	E	Ɛ	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	Ɲ	Ŋ	O	Ɔ	P	R	S	T	U	V	W	Y	Z
a	b	c	d	e	ɛ	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	o	ɔ	p	r	s	t	u	v	w	y	z
Phonetic value
a	b	c	d	e	ɛ	f	g	h	i	ɟ	k	l	m	n	ɲ	ŋ	o	ɔ	p	r	s	t	u	v	w	j	z

In Burkina Faso, the Dioula alphabet is made up of 28 letters each representing a single phoneme. In the orthography, long vowels are represented by doubled letters; thus, /e/ is written ⟨e⟩ and /eː/, ⟨ee⟩. The nasalisation of a vowel is written followed by an n; for example, /ẽ/ is written ⟨en⟩.

The notation of tones was recommended in 1973, but in practice they are not written. The transcription guide published in 2003 does not reiterate this recommendation. Tones are noted solely in lexicographical works. However, to avoid ambiguity, tone marking is obligatory in certain cases.

For example:

• ⟨a⟩ he/she (third person singular pronoun)
• ⟨á⟩ you (second person plural pronoun)

Media

Dioula can be heard spoken in the 2004 film Night of Truth, directed by Fanta Régina Nacro, Burkina Faso's first female director.

See also

• Dyula people